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(詳細はsubprime mortgage crisis. Regulators and legislators are considering action regarding lending practices, bankruptcy protection, tax policies, affordable housing, credit counseling, education, and the licensing and qualifications of lenders.〔(JEC October Subprime Report - FINAL FINAL )〕 Regulations or guidelines can also influence the nature, transparency and regulatory reporting required for the complex legal entities and securities involved in these transactions. Congress also is conducting hearings to help identify solutions and apply pressure to the various parties involved. U.S. President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind-down systemically important institutions, among others.〔(Remarks by the president on 21st century financial regulatory reform ) from the White House website〕〔(Washington Post - Geithner & Summers - A New Financial Foundation )〕〔(Treasury Department Report - Financial Regulatory Reform )〕 U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner testified before Congress on October 29, 2009. His testimony included five elements he stated as critical to effective reform: #Expand the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) bank resolution mechanism to include non-bank financial institutions; #Ensure that a firm is allowed to fail in an orderly way and not be "rescued"; #Ensure taxpayers are not on the hook for any losses, by applying losses first to the firm's investors and including the creation of a pool funded by the largest financial institutions; #Apply appropriate checks and balances to the FDIC and Federal Reserve in this resolution process; # Require stronger capital and liquidity positions for financial firms and related regulatory authority.〔(Secretary Geithner Testimony to House Financial Service Committee-October 29, 2009 )〕 The Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was signed into law by President Obama in July 2010, addressing each of these topics to varying degrees. Among other things, it created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. ==Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008== (詳細はSummary of Act )〕 The Act included: *Providing insurance for $300 billion in mortgages estimated to assist 400,000 homeowners. *Establishing a new regulator, the Federal Housing Finance Agency via the merger of two existing authorities, The Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO), and the Federal Housing Finance Board (FHFB), endowed with expanded powers and authority greater than the sum of its predecessors, to supervise operation of the 14 housing government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs): (Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac) and the 12 Federal Home Loan Banks. *Raises the dollar limit of the mortgages the GSEs can purchase. *Provides loans for the refinancing of mortgages to owner-occupants at risk of foreclosure. The original lender or investor reduces the amount of the original mortgage (typically taking a significant loss) and the homeowner shares any future appreciation with the Federal Housing Administration. The new loans must be 30-year fixed loans. *Enhancements to mortgage disclosures. *Community assistance to help local governments buy and renovate foreclosed properties. *An increase in the national debt ceiling by US$800 billion, to give the Treasury the flexibility to support the secondary housing markets and the 14 GSEs, if necessary. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Regulatory responses to the subprime crisis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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